Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Lijalem Abera Tema; Tsion Habtamu Ababiya; Saron Negasi Gidey; Robel Habtamu Ababiya; Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion; Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi; Amanuel Teshome Tekle; Selamawit Seifu Hailu; Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta; Bemnet Gossaye Teka; Bezaye Lemma Deregasso

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Lijalem Abera Tema

, Tsion Habtamu Ababiya

, Saron Negasi Gidey^*

, Robel Habtamu Ababiya

, Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion

, Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi

, Amanuel Teshome Tekle

, Selamawit Seifu Hailu, Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta

, Bemnet Gossaye Teka

, Bezaye Lemma Deregasso

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 2 November 2024 Accepted: 18 November 2024 Published: 29 April 2025

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: It has been four decades since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became a global public health issue; much has changed about the disease since then. The occurrence of renal impairment in HIV-infected individuals is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the incidence of renal dysfunction and the variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment at the ART clinics of Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH) and St. Paul's Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) between April and August of 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between impaired renal function and different factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data was collected from the medical charts of the patients in the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic of respective hospitals. Variables with a p-value of <0.25 on bivariate analysis were taken to Multivariable logistic regression to see the statistical significance and at <0.05 statistical significance was declared. Result: The total number of samples was 405, and all of them were included in the analysis. The magnitude of the renal dysfunction revealed in this study was 8.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.51 to 11.4). Multivariable logistic regression showed that being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.5; 95%CI: 1.94, 10.36), Baseline CD4 count less than 200, (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI:1.34, 8.70), and a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.39) were significantly associated with the impaired renal function. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of renal function, especially in patients with risk factors like female gender, low CD4 count, and history of opportunistic infections, is crucial. Promoting ART regimens containing TDF, early detection and prevention of opportunistic infections, and educating patients about regular CD4 count monitoring and timely treatment are essential for maintaining renal health.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
Page(s)	37-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Impaired Renal Function, HIV Infection, ART Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

References

[1]	Kulohoma, B. W. (2018). H3Africa: Crucial importance of knowledge on human demographic history in strategies for data exploitation–an analysis of the Luhya in Webuye, Kenya population from the 1000 Genomes Project. Wellcome Open Research, 3.
[2]	Swanepoel, C. R., Atta, M. G., D’Agati, V. D., Estrella, M. M., Fogo, A. B., Naicker, S., … Winkelmayer, W. C. (2018). Kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection: Conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney International, 93(3), 545–559.
[3]	Yilma, D., Abdissa, A., Kæstel, P., Tesfaye, M., Olsen, M. F., Girma, T., et al. (2020). Renal function in Ethiopian HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral treatment with and without tenofovir. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 1-11.
[4]	Pandey, A., & Galvani, A. P. (2019). The global burden of HIV and prospects for control. The Lancet HIV, 6(12), e809-e11.
[5]	Eneyew, K., Seifu, D., Amogne, W., & Menon, M. (2016). Assessment of renal function among HIV-Infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Technology and Investment, 7(3), 107-22.
[6]	Campos, P., Ortiz, A., & Soto, K. (2016, December 1). HIV and kidney diseases: 35 years of history and consequences. Clinical Kidney Journal.
[7]	Wyatt, C. M. (2017). Kidney disease and HIV infection. Topics in Antiviral Medicine, 25(1), 13.
[8]	Barry, R., & James, M. T. (2015). Guidelines for Classification of Acute Kidney Diseases and Disorders. Nephron, 131(4), 221-6.
[9]	Hou, J., & Nast, C. C. (2018). Changing concepts of HIV infection and renal disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 27(3), 144-52.
[10]	Kent, S., Fusco, F., Gray, A., Jebb, S. A., Cairns, B. J., & Mihaylova, B. (2017). Body mass index and healthcare costs: a systematic literature review of individual participant data studies. Obesity Reviews, 18(8), 869-79.
[11]	Hoorn, E., Tuut, M., Hoorntje, S., van Saase, J., Zietse, R., & Geers, A. (2013). Dutch guideline for the management of electrolyte disorders-2012 revision. Neth J Med, 71(3), 153-65.
[12]	Association, A. D. (2020). 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. Diabetes care, 43(Supplement 1), S98-S110.
[13]	Sun, C., Wen, Y., Liu, S., Cui, W., Zhou, Y., Deng, B., et al. (2018). Prevalence of renal impairment among HIV-positive patients hospitalized in the first hospital of China Medical University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE, 11(8), 8622-7.
[14]	Odongo, P., Wanyama, R., Obol, J. H., Apiyo, P., & Byakika-Kibwika, P. (2015). Impaired renal function and associated risk factors in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Gulu Hospital, Northern Uganda. BMC nephrology, 16(1), 1-7.
[15]	Mwemezi, O., Ruggajo, P., Mngumi, J., & Furia, F. F. (2020). Renal Dysfunction among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Nephrology, 2020.
[16]	Nyende, L., Kalyesubula, R., Sekasanvu, E., & Byakika-Kibwika, P. (2020). Prevalence of renal dysfunction among HIV infected patients receiving Tenofovir at Mulago: a cross-sectional study. BMC nephrology, 21(1), 1-6.
[17]	Assaram, S., Magula, N. P., Kinoo, S. M., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2017). Renal manifestations of HIV during the antiretroviral era in South Africa: a systematic scoping review. Systematic reviews, 6(1), 1-11.
[18]	Yazie, T. S., Orjino, T. A., & Degu, W. A. (2019). Reduced kidney function in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate based regimen and associated factors: a hospital-based prospective observational study in Ethiopian patients. International journal of nephrology, 2019.
[19]	Amekoudi, E. Y. M., Sabi, K. A., Dolaama, B., Tona, K. G., Noto-Kadou-Kaza, B., Kola, E., et al. (2019). Risk Factors of Renal Failure in HIV Patients at Initiation of ARV Treatment: Retrospective Study of 3118 Patients Followed in Infectious Diseases Department at Lomé University Hospital. Open Journal of Nephrology, 9(03), 55.
[20]	Li, Y., Shlipak, M. G., Grunfeld, C., & Choi, A. I. (2012). Incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury in HIV Infection. American journal of nephrology, 35(4), 327-34.
[21]	Roe, J., Campbell, L. J., Ibrahim, F., Hendry, B. M., & Post, F. A. (2008). HIV care and the incidence of acute renal failure. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(2), 242-9.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Tema, L. A., Ababiya, T. H., Gidey, S. N., Ababiya, R. H., Fissehatsion, F. A., et al. (2025). Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 11(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Tema, L. A.; Ababiya, T. H.; Gidey, S. N.; Ababiya, R. H.; Fissehatsion, F. A., et al. Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2025, 11(1), 37-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Tema LA, Ababiya TH, Gidey SN, Ababiya RH, Fissehatsion FA, et al. Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2025;11(1):37-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15,
  author = {Lijalem Abera Tema and Tsion Habtamu Ababiya and Saron Negasi Gidey and Robel Habtamu Ababiya and Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion and Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi and Amanuel Teshome Tekle and Selamawit Seifu Hailu and Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta and Bemnet Gossaye Teka and Bezaye Lemma Deregasso},
  title = {Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  abstract = {Background: It has been four decades since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became a global public health issue; much has changed about the disease since then. The occurrence of renal impairment in HIV-infected individuals is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the incidence of renal dysfunction and the variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment at the ART clinics of Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH) and St. Paul's Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) between April and August of 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between impaired renal function and different factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data was collected from the medical charts of the patients in the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic of respective hospitals. Variables with a p-value of Result: The total number of samples was 405, and all of them were included in the analysis. The magnitude of the renal dysfunction revealed in this study was 8.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.51 to 11.4). Multivariable logistic regression showed that being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.5; 95%CI: 1.94, 10.36), Baseline CD4 count less than 200, (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI:1.34, 8.70), and a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.39) were significantly associated with the impaired renal function. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of renal function, especially in patients with risk factors like female gender, low CD4 count, and history of opportunistic infections, is crucial. Promoting ART regimens containing TDF, early detection and prevention of opportunistic infections, and educating patients about regular CD4 count monitoring and timely treatment are essential for maintaining renal health.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
AU  - Lijalem Abera Tema
AU  - Tsion Habtamu Ababiya
AU  - Saron Negasi Gidey
AU  - Robel Habtamu Ababiya
AU  - Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion
AU  - Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi
AU  - Amanuel Teshome Tekle
AU  - Selamawit Seifu Hailu
AU  - Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta
AU  - Bemnet Gossaye Teka
AU  - Bezaye Lemma Deregasso
Y1  - 2025/04/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 37
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
AB  - Background: It has been four decades since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became a global public health issue; much has changed about the disease since then. The occurrence of renal impairment in HIV-infected individuals is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the incidence of renal dysfunction and the variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment at the ART clinics of Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH) and St. Paul's Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) between April and August of 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between impaired renal function and different factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data was collected from the medical charts of the patients in the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic of respective hospitals. Variables with a p-value of Result: The total number of samples was 405, and all of them were included in the analysis. The magnitude of the renal dysfunction revealed in this study was 8.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.51 to 11.4). Multivariable logistic regression showed that being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.5; 95%CI: 1.94, 10.36), Baseline CD4 count less than 200, (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI:1.34, 8.70), and a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.39) were significantly associated with the impaired renal function. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of renal function, especially in patients with risk factors like female gender, low CD4 count, and history of opportunistic infections, is crucial. Promoting ART regimens containing TDF, early detection and prevention of opportunistic infections, and educating patients about regular CD4 count monitoring and timely treatment are essential for maintaining renal health.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Lijalem Abera Tema

Department of Internal Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5442-1386
Tsion Habtamu Ababiya

Department of Internal Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-9698-674X
Saron Negasi Gidey

School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-7489-4549
Robel Habtamu Ababiya

Department of Internal Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9864-5783
Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion

School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-3375-8970
Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi

School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-6504-0230
Amanuel Teshome Tekle

School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-1318-0615
Selamawit Seifu Hailu

Department of Internal Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Contact Email
Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta

Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5672-7989
Bemnet Gossaye Teka

School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-6371-8182
Bezaye Lemma Deregasso

Department of Internal Medicine, Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Contact Email

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Tema, L. A., Ababiya, T. H., Gidey, S. N., Ababiya, R. H., Fissehatsion, F. A., et al. (2025). Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 11(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Tema, L. A.; Ababiya, T. H.; Gidey, S. N.; Ababiya, R. H.; Fissehatsion, F. A., et al. Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2025, 11(1), 37-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Tema LA, Ababiya TH, Gidey SN, Ababiya RH, Fissehatsion FA, et al. Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2025;11(1):37-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15,
  author = {Lijalem Abera Tema and Tsion Habtamu Ababiya and Saron Negasi Gidey and Robel Habtamu Ababiya and Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion and Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi and Amanuel Teshome Tekle and Selamawit Seifu Hailu and Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta and Bemnet Gossaye Teka and Bezaye Lemma Deregasso},
  title = {Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20251101.15},
  abstract = {Background: It has been four decades since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became a global public health issue; much has changed about the disease since then. The occurrence of renal impairment in HIV-infected individuals is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the incidence of renal dysfunction and the variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment at the ART clinics of Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH) and St. Paul's Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) between April and August of 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between impaired renal function and different factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data was collected from the medical charts of the patients in the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic of respective hospitals. Variables with a p-value of Result: The total number of samples was 405, and all of them were included in the analysis. The magnitude of the renal dysfunction revealed in this study was 8.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.51 to 11.4). Multivariable logistic regression showed that being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.5; 95%CI: 1.94, 10.36), Baseline CD4 count less than 200, (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI:1.34, 8.70), and a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.39) were significantly associated with the impaired renal function. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of renal function, especially in patients with risk factors like female gender, low CD4 count, and history of opportunistic infections, is crucial. Promoting ART regimens containing TDF, early detection and prevention of opportunistic infections, and educating patients about regular CD4 count monitoring and timely treatment are essential for maintaining renal health.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impaired Renal Function and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Individuals Who Are on Follow-Up in Two Tertiary Hospitals’ Art Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
AU  - Lijalem Abera Tema
AU  - Tsion Habtamu Ababiya
AU  - Saron Negasi Gidey
AU  - Robel Habtamu Ababiya
AU  - Fiyameta Abraham Fissehatsion
AU  - Samuel Dagnachew Shibeshi
AU  - Amanuel Teshome Tekle
AU  - Selamawit Seifu Hailu
AU  - Rediet Ajebu Nurfeta
AU  - Bemnet Gossaye Teka
AU  - Bezaye Lemma Deregasso
Y1  - 2025/04/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 37
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251101.15
AB  - Background: It has been four decades since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) became a global public health issue; much has changed about the disease since then. The occurrence of renal impairment in HIV-infected individuals is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the incidence of renal dysfunction and the variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients undergoing treatment at the ART clinics of Zewuditu Memorial Hospital (ZMH) and St. Paul's Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) between April and August of 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between impaired renal function and different factors among HIV-infected individuals. Data was collected from the medical charts of the patients in the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) clinic of respective hospitals. Variables with a p-value of Result: The total number of samples was 405, and all of them were included in the analysis. The magnitude of the renal dysfunction revealed in this study was 8.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 5.51 to 11.4). Multivariable logistic regression showed that being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.5; 95%CI: 1.94, 10.36), Baseline CD4 count less than 200, (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI:1.34, 8.70), and a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.02, 7.39) were significantly associated with the impaired renal function. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of renal function, especially in patients with risk factors like female gender, low CD4 count, and history of opportunistic infections, is crucial. Promoting ART regimens containing TDF, early detection and prevention of opportunistic infections, and educating patients about regular CD4 count monitoring and timely treatment are essential for maintaining renal health.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download